Chile+-+Chen+Liu

Chile

toc Official name of chile: **Republic of Chile** //(spanish:República de Chile)// Chile is a South American country which having a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast,Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. The Chilean Flag, w hich is also known as //** La Estrella Solitaria **// (The Lone Star) has its special meaning. The red strip that occupies the bottom half of the flag represents the blood spilled during the struggle for national independence, and the blue square in the top left-hand corner symbolizes ** Chile´s rich azure sky **. The white strip along the top of the flag reflects the snow-capped peaks of [|the Andes]. The white five-pointed star that sits in the center of the blue square represents the unity of the Chilean republic and the powers of the state.

= 1. National Anthem =

media type="youtube" key="SvkVX99nBUc" width="560" height="315"

//Spanish lyrics// //Puro, Chile, es tu cielo azulado;// //Puras brisas te cruzan también.// //Y tu campo de flores bordado// //Es la copia feliz del Edén.// //Majestuosa es la blanca montaña// //Que te dio por baluarte el Señor// //Que te dio por baluarte el Señor,// //Y ese mar que tranquilo te baña// //Te promete futuro esplendor// //Y ese mar que tranquilo te baña// //Te promete futuro esplendor.//

//Coro Dulce Patria, recibe los votos// //Con que Chile en tus aras juró:// //Que o la tumba serás de los libres// //O el asilo contra la opresión// //Que o la tumba serás de los libres// //O el asilo contra la opresión// //Que o la tumba serás de los libres// //O el asilo contra la opresión// //O el asilo contra la opresión// //O el asilo contra la opresión.//


 * English translation**
 * Pure, Chile, is your blue sky;**
 * Pure breezes flow across you as well.**
 * And your flower-embroidered field**
 * Is a happy copy of Eden .**
 * Majestic is the (white) snow-capped mountain**
 * That was given as a bastion by the Lord**
 * That was given as a bastion by the Lord,**
 * And the sea that quietly washes your shores**
 * Promises you future splendor**
 * And the sea that quietly washes your shores**
 * Promises you future splendor.**


 * Chorus Sweet fatherland, accept the vows**
 * That were given by Chile at your altars:**
 * Either you be the tomb of the free**
 * Or the refuge against oppression**
 * Either you be the tomb of the free**
 * Or the refuge against oppression**
 * Either you be the tomb of the free**
 * Or the refuge against oppression**
 * Or the refuge against oppression**
 * Or the refuge against oppression.**

= 2. Map =



(Political Map)

(Geography Map)

= 3. General Background =

3.1 Capital
Santiago, formally is the Capital of Chile. The location of Chilean capital within the country: It is located in the country's central valley, the middle of the country near the Atuel River. (//Santiago es en el centro del país, cerca del río Atuel)//

3.2 Population and Size
Country’s size: 756,950 sq km; 292,260 sq miles Population in Country: 17,067,369. Two thirds of the population is concentrated in the central zone. Population in Capital: 4,985,893 (2010)

3.3 History of colonization
The time when colonized by the Spanish: 1541 Why colonized by the Spanish: Seeking more precious metals and slave labor.

3.4 Indigenous people
I ndigenous people: Atacameño, Aymara , Colla , Diaguita , Kawashkar , Mapuche , Quechua , Rapa Nui , and Yagán peoples. They had several wars between the Spanish Army, the Spaniards slaving them and forcing them to work in mines and fields.

3.5 Government
Type of government: Republic

Head of state: Sebastián Piñera Echenique, born in December 1, 1949. Taking office in March (2010).

Term limits: Presidents are allowed to serve unlimited non-consecutive terms.

= 4. Education =

4.1 Literacy rate
literacy rate: 96.5% for total population required education: 12 years of mandatory primary and secondary instruction.

4.2 Colleges
The country has 58 major colleges

Diego Portales -- University Diego Portales (UDP) - Santiago La Frontera -- University of La Frontera (UFRO) - Temuco Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano -- University Academy of Christian Humanism - Santiago Universidad Adolfo Ibanez -- Adolfo Ibáñez University - Santiago, Viña del Mar Universidad Adventista de Chile -- Chile Adventist University - Chillán Universidad Alberto Hurtado -- Alberto Hurtado University - Santiago Universidad Andrés Bello -- Andrés Bello University (UNAB) - Concepción, Rancagua, Santiago, Viña del Mar Universidad Arcis -- ARCIS University - Santiago Universidad Arturo Prat -- Arturo Prat University - Arica, Calama, Iquique, Santiago, Victoria Universidad Austral -- Southern University of Chile - Valdivia Universidad Autónoma de Chile -- Autonomous University of Chile - Santiago, Talca, Temuco Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins -- Bernardo O'Higgins University - Santiago Universidad Bolivariana -- Bolivarian University of Chile - Santiago Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso -- Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso (PUCV) - Valparaíso Universidad Catolica de la Santisima -- Catholic University of the Holy Conception - Concepción Universidad Catòlica del Maule -- Catholic University of Maule - Curico, Talaca Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez -- Catholic University Cardinal Raúl Silva Henríquez (UCSH) - Santiago Universidad Católica de Temuco -- Temuco Catholic University - Temuco Universidad Católica del Norte -- Catholic University of the North - Antofagasta Universidad Central -- Central University - Santiago Universidad Finis Terrae -- Finis Terrae University - Santiago Universidad Gabriela Mistral -- Gabriela Mistral University - Santiago Universidad Internacional SEK Chile -- International University SEK Chile - Santiago Universidad La República -- Republic University - Santiago Universidad Metropolitana -- Metropolitan University of Educational Sciences - Santiago Universidad Miguel de Cervantes -- University Miguel de Cervantes - Santiago Universidad Pedro de Valdivia -- Pedro de Valdivia University (UPV) - Antofagasta, Chillian, Concepción, La Serena, Santiago Universidad Pontificia -- Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (UC) - Santiago Universidad San Sebastián -- San Sebastián University - Concepción, Osorno, Puerto Montt, Santiago, Valdivia Universidad Santo Tomás -- St. Thomas University - Santiago Universidad Tecnologica Metropolitana -- Metropolitan Technological University - Santiago Universidad de Aconcagua -- University of Aconcagua - Santiago Universidad de Antofagasta -- University of Antofagasta - Antofagasta Universidad de Atacama -- University of Atacama - Copiapó Universidad de Chile -- University of Chile - Santiago Universidad de Ciencias de la Informática -- University of Computer Science (UCINF) - Santiago Universidad de Concepción -- University of Conception - Concepción Universidad de Las Américas -- University of the Americas - Concepción, Santiago, Viña del Mar Universidad de Los Lagos -- University of Los Lagos - Osorno, Puerto Montt, Valdivia Universidad de Magallanes -- University of Magallanes (UMAG) - Punta Arenas Universidad de Playa Ancha -- University of Playa Ancha - Valparaíso Universidad de Santiago de Chile -- University of Santiago - Santiago Universidad de Tarapaca -- University of Tarapacá (UTA) - Arica Universidad de Valparaíso -- University of Valparaíso (UV) - Valparaíso Universidad de Viña del Mar -- Viña del Mar University (UVM) - Viña del Mar Universidad de las Comunicaciones -- University for the Arts, Sciences, and Communication (UNIACC) - Santiago Universidad de los Andes -- University of the Andes (UANDES) - Santiago Universidad del Bío Bío -- University of Bío-Bío - Chillán, Concepción Universidad del Desarrollo -- University of Desarrollo (UDD) - Concepción, Santiago Universidad del Pacifico -- Pacific University - Concepción, Melipilla, Santiago

= 5. Economy =

5.1 Gross National Produce
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Chile was worth 248.59 billion US dollars in 2011. The GDP value of Chile represents 0.40 percent of the world economy. GDP in Chile is reported by the The World Bank Group. Historically, from 1960 until 2011, Chile GDP averaged 50.26 USD Billion reaching an all time high of 248.59 USD Billion in December of 2011 and a record low of 4.21 USD Billion in December of 1960. The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national income and output for a given country's economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced within the country in a stipulated period of time. This page includes a chart with historical data for Chile GDP.

5.2 Natural resources:
copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower.

5.3 Exports/Imports:
Exports: copper, fish, fruits, paper and pulp, chemicals, wine.

Imports: petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles, natural gas.

= 6. Culture =

6.1 Holidays
March or April: Easter and Holy Week May 1: Labor Day or Day of the Worker May 21: Navy Day June 29: Saint Peter and Saint Paul July 16: Fiesta de la Virgin del Carmen: August 15: Assumption of Mary September 18: Independence Day September 19: Armed Forces Day October 12: Columbus Day (Day of the Race) October 31: Reformation Day November 1: All Saints Day December 8: Immaculate Conception mid-December: Public Holiday (Presidential Elections) December 25: Christmas Day
 * Major holidays**:January 1: New Year's Day

How do they celebrate Christmas: They celebrate it very similar to the U.S. They decorate their trees, hang stockings, spend time with family, and have big feasts which usually include most Chilean foods and others like Cola de Mono, a.k.a. Monkey's Tail, which is a drink that includes coffee, milk, and liquor. Another is Pan de Pascua and it is a sweet cake. They also have the same idea of Santa, which they call "Viejito Pascuero". He comes by sleigh with flying reindeer and comes down the chimney and leaves presents under the tree. Catholics go to Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve and to most Chileans value the nativity scene very greatly. They leave little clay figures called pesebre under their Christmas trees. So basically they celebrate it in many ways like Americans.

The connection between three kings day and Christmas: In many Latin American cultures, gifts aren't given on Christmas Day. That day is reserved for mass and a feast. Gifts are given on Three Kings Day. The Three Kings are said to have travelled on camelback many miles to greet the newborn Jesus with gifts, following a bright star in the sky to show the way.

= 7. Others =

A trip through Chile media type="youtube" key="0L2SvRPC2wo" width="560" height="315"

Places of interest:
Santiago: media type="youtube" key="zLLZHYOP-ME" width="560" height="315" Easter Island: media type="youtube" key="LpeOu6bqrhg" width="560" height="315"

Food(Special interest topic):
Click--->[|Delicious food]<---Click

** Typical Chilean Dishes **
Here is a list of typical Chilean Food and Drink and what their equivalent is in English: **Arrollado de Chancho -** Chunks of pork wrapped in pork fat smothered in red ají (chili). **Bistec a lo pobre** - beefsteak, French fries, fried onions, topped with a couple of fried eggs. **Carbonada** - meat soup with finely diced beef and all kinds of vegetables such as potatoes, onions, carrots, broccoli, green pepper and parsley. **Chancho en Piedra** - a typical Chilean seasoning. Tomatoes, garlic, and onions grounded together in a stone. **Charquican** - ground or diced meat cooked with garlic, onions, potatoes and pumpkin all mashed. It is a mushy dish but great. **Cazuela de Ave** - chicken soup with pieces of meat, potatoes, green beans or peas, rice or noodles. **Cazuela de Vacuno** - beef soup with pieces of meat, potatoes, corn on the cob, carrots, onions, green beans, garlic, chunks of pumpkin, rice or noodles. **Charquicán** - Potato, pumpkin, mince, onion, carrot sometimes with peas and corn (both optional) all mashed together. **Costillar de Chancho** - baked spare (pork) ribs. **Curanto en Hoyo** - a typical dish from the south of Chile. Traditionally prepared by heating fish, seafood, potatoes, some meat, //milcaos// and types of bread over red hot rocks in a hole in the ground. The food is wrapped in big leaves and then covered with dirt so that it slowly cooks over a number of hours. (Similar to a //hangi// in New Zealand) **Curanto en Olla** - same ingredients as the //curanto en hoyo// only that it is cooked in a pot instead of under the ground. See our photo of a __ Curanto en Olla __ we had at __ [|Angelmó] __ (near Puerto Montt). **Empanada de Pino** - typical turnover (pastry) filled with diced meat, onions, olive, raisins and a piece of hard-boiled egg, baked in earthen or plain oven. **Empanada de Queso** - typical turnover filled with cheese. (Photo on right) **Ensalada a la Chilena** - sliced tomatoes and onions with an oil dressing. **Humitas** - boiled corn leaf rolls filled with seasoned ground corn. **Milcaos** - grated raw potato squeezed until dry then added to minced cooked potatoes and flattened to a bread-like form then baked or fried. This is one of the ingredients that can be found in a typical//curanto//. **Palta Reina** - an avocado half which is filled with tuna fish or ham and covered with mayonnaise. It is served on lettuce leaves, normally as an entree. **Parrillada** - different kinds of meat, sausages and sometimes entrails grilled over charcoal and served with potato salad or rice. **Pastel de Choclo** - a typical Chilean summer dish. Ground corn and meat, chopped onions small pieces of chicken, pieces of hard boiled egg, olive raisins - baked in clay or regular oven. Similar to a shepherd pie. **Pebre** - seasoning of tomatoes with chopped onion, chili, coriander, and chives. Usually served in a little clay dish. **Pernil** - boiled whole hock (ham). **Pollo Arvejado** - Chicken served with peas, onion and sliced carrots. **Porotos Granados** - fresh bean dish with ground corn and pieces of pumpkin served hot. **Prietas** - Blood sausages. **Sopaipilla** - a flat circular deep fried 'bread' made of pumpkin and flour.

Chilean Seafood
**Almejas con Limón** - raw clams with lemon juice. **Caldillo de Congrio** - conger-eel soup with onions, potatoes and carrots. **Ceviche** - minced raw sea bass in lemon juice. **Congrio Frito** - deep-fried conger eel. **Chupe de Locos** - abalone bread pudding. **Empanada de Mariscos** - turnovers filled with chopped seafood onions and seasoning. **Machas a la Parmesana** - parmesan cheese raisor clams. **Mariscal** - cold soup with all kinds of raw seafood. **Ostiones a la Parmesana** - scallops on the shells in melted butter and covered with grilled Parmesan cheese. **Pastel de Jaiba** - Chilean Crab Pie served in its own shell (see photo). **Piure** - Sea Squirts that are a dark red colour and with a very distinct strong flavour. Often eaten with diced onion, coriander and lemon. Best eaten near Chiloé.

Chilean Sandwiches
**Aliado** - ham and cheese sandwich. **Ave Mayo** - diced chicken meat and mayonnaise. **Ave Palta** - diced chicken meat and mashed avocado. **Ave Pimienta** - diced chicken meat and red pepper. **Barros Jarpa** - grilled cheese and ham on white bun. **Barros Luco** - grilled cheese and meat on white bread. **Chacarero** - sliced meat, green beans, chili and tomatoes. **Churrasco** - beef sandwich. **Churrasco con Tomate** - thin sliced meat and slices of tomato on white bun. **Churrasco con Palta** - thin sliced meat, mashed avocado on white bun. **Completo** - hot dog with all kinds of trimmings: mayonnaise, tomatoes, onions, dilled pickles sauerkraut, etc. **Especial** - hot dog with tomatoes. **Italiano** - hot dog with avocado, tomatoes and mayonnaise. **Hamburguesa** - hamburger patty. It isn't always served between buns. **Lomito Completo** - sliced pork meat with sauerkraut, mustard, mayonnaise, ketchup. **Pan Amasado** - homemade bread. **Piñera Sandwich** - Salmon, Arugula (rocket) and cream cheese. See more about the __ Piñera Sandwich __.

Typical Chilean Desserts (and sweet things)
**Alfajor** - a flat round pastry (almos like two biscuits together) filled with //manjar// and covered in Chocolate **Arroz con Leche** - Rice pudding (literally rice with milk) **Bavarois de Lucuma** - bavarois (type of custard) of a variety of eggfruit **Berlin** - a round donut filled with //manjar// or jam / jelly **Calzones Rotos** - literally translated as “broken underwear”, it is a sweet, soft dough that is twisted and then fried. Sometimes icing sugar is sprinkled on top. **Chumbeque** - A traditional sweet from Iquique. Photos and Comments about __ Chumbeques __. **Kuchen** - a German fruit flan often found in the South of Chile **Leche Asada** - A milk flan. **Manjar** - a brown spread or cake filling made from boiled milk and sugar. Some visitors say it tastes like caramel. Manjar is quite sweet and is used in many cakes and sweet dishes. **Mote con Huesillo** - cooked dried peaches and stewed corn served as a drink **Pan de Pascua** - Christmas cake **Papaya con Crema** - preserved papaya with whipped cream. **Sopaipillas Pasadas** - sopaipillas are immersed in a warm sauce that contains water, dark brown sugar, cinnamon and orange rind. Photos and Comments about __ Sopaipillas Pasadas __ = Credit =