Argentina+-+Ivy+Han

=**Argentine Republic (****República Argentina)**=

= The National Flag: =

==The background of the national flag of Argentina with two colors, what are the light blue and white.The white part of the flag is in between two light blue parts of the national flag, and there is a yellow sun with human` s face on the middle of the flag, which is showig the sun of May. The white part of the national flag means honesty and peace.The light blue shows the vigilance, loyalty, truth, perseverance and justice, and this is also the color of the sky. They started to use this flag since 1818, which shows on the picture.==

= The Naitional Anthem: =

Or let us swear in glory to die!
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= Political Map, Geographical Map and Culture Map of Argentina: =

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= Country Facts: =

===The Republic of Argentina is in the South America, where is in the east of Chile, and in the South of the Bolivia and Paraguay.Argentina is in the west of the Sounth Athletic Ocean. La capital es de Buenos Aires, it is in the north east in the Argentina, and it is also the biggest city in Argentina, the population of Buenos Aires is 2,965,403. The size of Argentina is over 2.766.00 sq km, and it is the second large country in the Latin America. The population of Argentina is 407,600,000 people, and people in Argentina mostly are Roman Catholics, people speak Spanish, and some of them also speak English or Italian.=== ===The literacy rate of argentina is 97%, the Compulsory Educatioon in Argentina is 12 years, it include the education in Primary School, the Middle school and the High school.There are 40 national universities, 45 parochail and provate university in Argentia. There are about 20 public and provate inssitutes what are offer some limited programs in Argentina. The Date of colonization of Argentina was in July 9th, 1816. Republic is the type of government that Argentina is, and the head of the states is the President of Argentina, they do the election every 4 years. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner who is the President in Argentina now, she was elected in 2007, and this is her 6th year as a president, and she is 60 years old now. === === The Gross National Product, which is the GDP of Argentina is 446.04 billion US dollars, in 2001. The natural resources of Argentina are oil, natural gas, coal, and some metals, and the are of the foret takes 1/3 of the whole country. Cereal, beef, steels, wool, leather, oil etc are the major exports of Argentina. The Major imports of Argentina are petrochemicals, chemical product, and all kinds of the mechanical and electrical products.===

In Argentina, expect the May Revolution in May 25th and New Year, people also celebrate the religiousness festivals like Christmas Eve, Christmas, and Easter.
= Argentina Timeline: =

= = = Famous Countryman of Argentina: =
 * Year || Argentina Timeline Event ||
 * 1516 || **Juan Diaz de Solis became the first European to enter Argentina in search of gold.** Many of the indigenous population of Argentina are killed by the diseases brought over by the Europeans. ||
 * 1580 || **Buenos Aires is established.** ||
 * 1680 || **The Portuguese established a trading post near Buenos Aires.** ||
 * 1776 || **Spain consolidates its territories in south-east South America** To create one large colony called the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. ||
 * 1810 || **Overthrow of the king of Spain by Napoleon** ||
 * 1812 || **Jose de San Martin leads the fight for independence from Spain.** ||
 * 1816 || **Argentina declares its independence from Spain.** José de San Martín defeats Spanish forces in Chile. ||
 * 1816 || **The provinces of Argentines declare independence from Spain.** ||
 * 1853 || **Argentina became a republic after adopting a constitution.** ||
 * 1859 || **Buenos Aires refuses to become part of the country of Argentina** And sets up their own independent state. It is then defeated by General Bartolome Mitre. ||
 * 1943 || **Juan Perón rises to power.** ||
 * 1945 || **Juan Perón and Eva Marie Duarte (Evita) are married.** ||
 * 1952 || **Maria Eva Duarte de Perón dies of cancer.** ||
 * 1955 || **The army and navy rebel and Juan Perón fleas the country.** ||
 * 1956 || **The Constitution of 1853 is restored.** ||
 * 1960 || **Juan Perón marries Isabel Martinez.** ||
 * 1973 || **Juan Perón is elected President of Argentina.** ||
 * 1974 || **Juan Perón dies** His wife, Isabel, who had been vice president becomes president. ||
 * 1976 || **Isabel Peron is deposed by a military coup and exiled.** ||
 * 1982 || **Argentina goes to war with Britain** Over control of the Falkland Islands. Argentina's military government collapses, ending a period of repression. ||
 * 1982 || **Argentina surrenders.** General Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli is removed from office. ||
 * 1991 || **The government makes the peso equal to the value of the U.S. dollar.** This helps to stabilize the Argentine economy. ||
 * 2001 || **President Fernando de la Rua resigns** On December 20th, in the midst of protests on unemployment and increased democracy. Congress names a new president, Eduardo Duhalde. ||
 * 2001 || **Adolfo Rodriguez Saa named interim president.** Adolfo Rodriguez Saa named new interim president. Lacking political support he resigns on December 30th. ||
 * 2002 || **Congress elects Peronist Senator Eduardo Duhalde as president.** Congress elects Peronist Senator Eduardo Duhalde as president. ||
 * 2003 || **Nestor Kirchner sworn in as president.** Nestor Kirchner sworn in as president. Former President Carlos Menem led all candidates but pulled out before second round of elections. ||
 * 2003 || **International arrest warrant for former President Carlos Menem, over allegations of fraud.** Judge issues international arrest warrant for former President Carlos Menem, over allegations of fraud. ||
 * 2004 || **Former President Carlos Menem returns from self-imposed exile.** Former President Carlos Menem returns from self-imposed exile in Chile after two arrest warrants are cancelled. ||
 * 2004 || **Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner sworn in as president.** ||
 * 2008 || **Two former generals are sentenced to life imprisonment.** Two former generals are sentenced to life imprisonment for their actions during the period of Argentina's military rule - known as the Dirty War - during the 1970s and 1980s. ||
 * 2009 || **Argentina claims parts of ocean, Antarctic and British islands as territory.** Argentina hands documents to UN formally laying claim to a vast expanse of the ocean, as far as the Antarctic and including island chains governed by Britain. ||
 * 2011 || **President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner wins a second term** Benefiting from strong economic growth, President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner wins a second term with a landslide 54% of the vote. ||

=** José de San Martín **= ====** José de San Martín ****,** (born Feb. 25, 1778, Yapeyú, viceroyalty of Río de la Plata [now in Argentina]—died Aug. 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fr.), Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).==== ====San Martín’s father, Juan de San Martín, a professional soldier, was administrator of Yapeyú, formerly a Jesuit mission station in Guaraní Indian territory, on the northern frontier of Argentina. His mother, Gregoria Matorras, was also Spanish. The family returned to Spain when José was six. From 1785 to 1789 he was educated at the Seminary of Nobles in Madrid, leaving there to begin his military career as a cadet in the Murcia infantry regiment. For the next 20 years he was a loyal officer of the Spanish monarch, fighting against the Moors in Oran (1791); against the British (1798), who held him captive for more than a year; and against the Portuguese in the War of the Oranges (1801). He was made captain in 1804.==== ====The turning point in San Martín’s career came in 1808, following Napoleon’s occupation of Spain and the subsequent patriotic uprising against the French there. For two years he served the Sevilla (Seville) junta that was conducting the war on behalf of the imprisoned Spanish king Ferdinand VII. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel for his conduct in the Battle of Bailén (1808) and was elevated to command of the Sagunto Dragoons after the Battle of Albuera (1811). Instead of taking up his new post, he sought permission to go to Lima, the capital of the viceroyalty of Peru, but traveled by way of London to Buenos Aires, which had become the principal centre of resistance in South America to the Sevilla junta and its successor, the Cádiz-based Council of Regency. There, in the year 1812, San Martín was given the task of organizing a corps of grenadiers against the Spanish royalists centred in Peru who threatened the revolutionary government in Argentina.==== ====One possible explanation for this startling change of allegiance on the part of a soldier who had sworn fealty to Spain is that it was prompted by British sympathizers with the independence movement in Spanish America and that San Martín was recruited through the agency of James Duff, 4th Earl of Fife, who had fought in Spain (and who caused San Martín to be made a freeman of Banff, Scot.). In later years, San Martín averred that he had sacrificed his career in Spain because he had responded to the call of his native land, and this is the view taken by Argentinian historians. Undoubtedly, peninsular Spanish prejudice against anyone born in the Indies must have rankled throughout his career in Spain and caused him to identify himself with the creole revolutionaries.==== ====In the service of the Buenos Aires government, San Martín distinguished himself as a trainer and leader of soldiers, and, after winning a skirmish against loyalist forces at San Lorenzo, on the right bank of the Paraná River (Feb. 3, 1813), he was sent to Tucumán to reinforce, and ultimately replace, General Manuel Belgrano, who was being hard pressed by forces of the viceroy of Peru. San Martín recognized that the Río de la Plata provinces would never be secure so long as the royalists held Lima, but he perceived the military impossibility of reaching the centre of viceregal power by way of the conventional overland route through Upper Peru (modern Bolivia). He therefore quietly prepared the masterstroke that was his supreme contribution to the liberation of southern South America. First, he disciplined and trained the army around Tucumán so that, with the assistance of gaucho //guerrilleros,// they would be capable of a holding operation. Then, on the pretense of ill health, he got himself appointed governor intendant of the province of Cuyo, the capital of which was Mendoza, the key to the routes across the Andes. There, he set about creating an army that would link up overland with the soldiers of the patriotic government in Chile and then proceed by sea to attack Peru.====

= The Top 5 Intersting Places in Argentina: =

=**1. Buenos Aires**= === The world capital ofÂ tango, but also the capital of Argentina is the unique city of Buenos Aires. With more than 3 million inhabitants and more than 13 million in the metropolitan area, the city is one of the largest in America. Buenos Aires is strongly influenced by the European cities, therefore people sometimes refer to it as the “Paris of Southern America”. === = **2. Iguazu Waterfalls** = ===This is one of the widest waterfalls in the world, since it consists of more than 270 small waterfalls. The best spot for watching the water falling from more than 230 feet is the Devil’s Throat. The region became a National Park in the 1980′s and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.=== =**3. Mar de plata:**= === If you’re looking to swim with the whales, Mar de plata is the best place to be. The waves in this part of the Atlantic Ocean are ideal for surfing, and thanks to the mild climate you can enjoy water sports all year round. The city became a resort just in the early 20th century, but shortly after the first investments the area became one of the top attractions for the Buenos Aires inhabitants. === =**4. Talampaya:**= === In the southern part of La Rioja, lies Talampaya – the home of the long extinction of the dinosaurs and the birth place of some of the first humans who ever existed. In 2000 it became a UNESCO World Heritage site and it currently contains several essential archaeological and paleontological sites in the whole country. === =**5. The Monte:**= === A large and flat desert area, The Argentinian Monte is the perfect destination for all the die hard bikers but also for all the bird lovers, since this amazing scenery is the home of one of the rarest flying species. Due to the damaging human activities over time, this amazing eco-region is currently in the process of extending the legal protection. ===

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= = = i-movie of Buenos Aires, Argentina =

= media type="youtube" key="WS-pZnBzmVc" width="560" height="315" = = = = Typical food of Argentina: =

===Argentina is highly influenced by Europe, and reflects this in its cuisine. In general you will find that the food here is generally a variation of Mediterranean cooking, with a large emphasis on the products that are easily grown in the area, namely beef cattle and wheat.=== ===Some of the world's best beef comes from Argentina. The country is famous for its grass fed cattle and the gauchos who work the open range raising these animals. The meat is normally eaten with very little seasoning, using only salt to bring out the flavor of the beef. All parts of the cow are eaten, nothing going to waste. The most traditional way to eat meat in Argentina is the //**asado**//, or barbecue. Beef however is not the only meat here. It is common to have an entire body of a lamb cooked over the outdoor camp fire.===

**Empanadas:**
===Small pies filled with all types of filling, although ham, cheese and meat are the most popular. It is best to ask how big they are before ordering since in general Argentinean empanadas are smaller than those of other countries so that eating 6 or 7 in one sitting is not unheard of. During the week before Easter special empanadas are filled with tuna or cod.===

Tira De Asado：
===This recipe takes advantage of a different type of cut for beef ribs, one that is popular with South America//n asadores//. The rib bones are cut crosswise - butterflied - so that they lay flat within a thin, steak-like piece of meat that cooks quickly - no long, slow smoking or marinade for these guys. These ribs are one of the first courses off of the grill in a traditional grilled feast called an asado, and though they are seasoned very simply, they are really good.===

Locro de Argentina：
===The sweetness of the corn and the mild spiciness of chorizo complement each other beautifully in this easy navy bean soup. Serve each bowl with a spoonful of the spicy onion sauce. Enjoy this soup with a fresh salad and beef empanadas for a hearty meal.===

//Bife de lomo：//
===This is the cut that most of us order the first time we’re in a //parrilla//. It’s the most expensive cut, and it’s tender and juicy. However, sometimes the flavor is not particularly thrilling. As an Argentinean friend once said to me, “//Bife de lomo// is like a beautiful model: nice to look at, but nothing under the surface.” What a model needs under the surface is a good personality, and what a steak needs under the surface is ‘marbling,’ which are the lines of fat running through the meat that dissolve during the cooking process and make it taste good. //Lomo// doesn’t have enough marbling to please some people.=== media type="youtube" key="zVoWvHOiJt4" width="560" height="315"

//Bife de chorizo：//
===For many people, myself included, //bife de chorizo// is the steak they could order day in, day out, and never get sick of. It’s exactly what a steak should be: big; juicy; with some tasty exterior fat; literally dripping with flavor. The only problem with //bife de chorizo// is that if you order it at a cheap restaurant you’ll generally get a cheap cut, and cheap cuts of //bife de chorizo// can be very fatty indeed.=== = = =Desserts & Sweet Things=

**Dulce de leche:**
===This is made from boiling condensed milk until it becomes a thick caramel paste. To say that is a favorite among Argentineans would be a huge understatement. It is eaten at almost every meal of the day and for snacks in between. One of the favorite preparations is with alfajores, two short bread cookies with dulce de leche in the middle and dipped in chocolate. We have no idea how they haven't all died from sugar shock.===

**Ice cream:**
===One of the greatest parts about the Italian influence is the rich gelato that is all over Argentina. Tourists will be happy to know that the flavors has less fat than traditional American ice cream, so you can guiltlessly taste your way through the country!=== media type="youtube" key="QEmTKp2Dwmw" width="420" height="315"

**Chocolate:**
===Although it isn't of Swiss or Belgian quality, there is some very good chocolate produced in Argentina. The ski town of Bariloche produces some of the best. The entire town is filled with chocolate shops.===

= Christmas in Argentina: =

=Christmas Day in **Argentina** is observed every year on the 25th December.= ===During Christmas the weather is warm in Argentina. But that in no way lessens the fun of the season. Preparations for Christmas Day begin much earlier than in many other parts of the world. Every house is decorated beautifully with lights and flowers. Living rooms of individual homes are adorned with wreaths of green, gold, red and white flowers. Red and white garlands are hung with an aesthetic touch on the doors of houses. Artificial or live trees are used to create the Christmas tree and embellished with laces, balls, Santa Clause figures, candles, colored lights, ornaments, small gifts and even "Papai Noels". The Nativity scene or “pesebre” is an important part of the Argentine Christmas decorations. Many set up a creche in their homes during the season, setting up Christ's manger with great care. The “pesebre” is placed close to the Christmas tree. A wonderful custom practiced be many people here is applying cotton balls on the branches of the Christmas tree to simulate snow throughout the nativity.===

[[image:Christmas-in-Argentina-1.jpg width="744" height="499"]]
===Christmas here is an occasion for a get together with extended members of the family. On Christmas Eve, people go to local churches with their family to attend religious services. Thereupon, they visit each other's home. There are joyous family reunions in every Argentine home. Everyone relishes a savory meal followed by a toast(for adults only). Grown-ups usually spend time dancing on Christmas songs while kids indulge themselves in fireworks to commemorate the birth of Christ. At midnight on the 24 of December, sounds of fireworks can be heard from everywhere. Opening of presents, placed under the Christmas tree from beforehand, is a must at midnight. Then family members and friends are kissed goodbye and everyone goes to bed. Many may prefer to spnding the night away chatting or playing games. A wonderful tradition here is to light "globos", colourful paper baloons that take off into the sky when lit from inside. If you visit Argentina during Christmas, you will be spellbound by the beauty of the numerous "globos" flying in the night sky.=== ===On Christmas day, everybody is greeted 'Feliz Navidad', meaning 'Merry Christmas' in Argentina. About 92% of the Argentine populatio comprises of Roman Catholics and hence, religious services take up much of the day here. Family members sing carols to the accompaniment of the piano. Many people form groups and go from house to house singing carols on this day and receiving small gifts or goodies in return.=== ===Christmas dinner is served here on the night of 24th December. The traditional Argentine Christmas dinner may be served in a garden area and consists of delicious dishes like roasted turkey, roasted pork, stuffed tomatoes, mince pies, Christmas's bread and puddings. The main dish may be a suckling pig or a roasted peacock. A hot favourite here is "Ninos envuettas", made of steak cut in square pieces of 3 inches, stuffed with minced mean mixed with onions, hard-boiled eggs, and spices. The toast is usually a drink prepared with different kinds of fruit, cut into pieces, and mixed with juice and cider.=== ===In Argentina, children recieve their presents on January 6th, known as "Three Kings Day". On the eve of January 6th, Argentine kids place their shoes outside the front door of their homes to be filled with the Magi and also leave hay and water beside for the horses of the Magi as they journey towards Bethlehem for the Christ Child. Many also keep their shoes underneath the Christmas tree or under their bed.===

= credits： =

National flag:
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Maps:
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Timeline:
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Famous countrymen:
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The Top 5 Intersting Places in Argentina:
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i – Movie:
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Typical food of Argentina:
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Christmas in Argentina:
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